Why Do They Keep Swearing? The Role of Outcome Expectations between Descriptive Norms and Swearing among Korean Youths: A Test of the Theory of Normative Social Behavior

Through the Theory of Normative Social Behavior, this article tests whether outcome expectations (i.e., benefits-to-self and anticipatory socialization) moderate the relationship between descriptive norms and swearing behavior and intentions. A study was conducted among Korean high school students (N = 483), and the results provide considerable support for the moderating role outcome expectations. When adolescents believed that there are high personal benefits, they were more likely to be influenced by the behaviors practiced by their peers. Similarly, beliefs that swearing may enhance socialization are likely to influence adolescents to adhere to their normative perceptions.