The Sulfoquinovosyltransferaselike Enzyme SQD2.2 is Involved in Flavonoid Glycosylation, Regulating Sugar Metabolism and Seed Setting in Rice

Seed setting is an important trait that contributes to seed yield and relies greatly on starch

accumulation. In this study, a sulfoquinovosyl transferase-like protein, designated as SQD2.2

involved in seed setting and flavonoid accumulation, was identified and characterized in rice.

Rice SQD2.2 is localized to the cytoplasm, and the SQD2.2 transcript was highest in leaves. Rice

SQD2.2-overexpressing (OE) plants exhibited a decreased seed setting rate and diminished tiller

number simultaneously with an increased glycosidic flavonoid level compared with wild-type

(WT) plants. SQD2.2 catalyzes the glycosylation of apigenin to produce apigenin 7-O-glucoside

using uridine diphosphate-glucose (UDPG) as a sugar donor, but it failed to compensate for

sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG) synthesis in the Arabidopsis sqd2 mutant. Furthermore,

apigenin 7-O-glucoside inhibited starch synthase (SS) activity in a concentration-dependent manner,

and SQD2.2-OE plants exhibited reduced SS activity accompanied by a significant reduction in starch

levels and an elevation in soluble sugar levels relative to WT plants. Both adenosine diphosphateglucose (ADPG) and UDPG levels in SQD2.2-OE plants were notably lower than those in WT plants.

Taken together, rice SQD2.2 exhibits a novel role in flavonoid synthesis and plays an important role in

mediating sugar allocation between primary and secondary metabolism in rice.