Genome-wide ultraconserved elements resolve phylogenetic relationships and biogeographic history among Neotropical leaf-nosed bats in the genus Anoura (Phyllostomidae)

Anoura   Gray, 1838  are Neotropical nectarivorous bats and the most speciose genus within the phyllostomid subfamily Glossophaginae. However,  Anoura  species limits remain debated, and phylogenetic relationships remain poorly known, because previous studies used limited  Anoura  taxon sampling or focused primarily on higher-level relationships. Here, we conduct the first phylogenomic study of  Anoura  by analyzing 2039 genome-wide ultraconserved elements (UCEs) sequenced for 42 individuals from 8  Anoura  species/lineages plus two outgroups. Overall, our results based on UCEs resolved relationships in the genus and supported (1) the monophyly of small-bodied  Anoura  species (previously genus  Lonchoglossa ); (2) monotypic status of  A. caudifer ; and (3) nested positions of “ A. carishina ”,  A. caudifer aequatoris , and  A. geoffroyi peruana  specimens within  A. latidens ,  A. caudifer  and  A. geoffroyi , respectively (suggesting that these taxa are not distinct species). Additionally, (4) phylogenetic networks allowing reticulate edges did not explain gene tree discordance better than the species tree (without introgression), indicating that a coalescent model accounting for discordance solely through incomplete lineage sorting fit our data well. Sensitivity analyses indicated that our species tree results were not adversely affected by varying taxon sampling across loci. Tree calibration and Bayesian coalescent analyses dated the onset of diversification within  Anoura  to around ∼ 6–9 million years ago in the Miocene, with extant species diverging mainly within the past ∼ 4 million years. We inferred a historical biogeographical scenario for  Anoura  of parapatric speciation fragmenting the range of a wide-ranging ancestral lineage centered in the Central to Northern Andes, along with Pliocene–Pleistocene dispersal or founder event speciation in Amazonia and the Brazilian Atlantic forest during the last ∼ 2.5 million years.